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--- englisch:participles-relative-clauses [14.05.2017 (07:58)] – retemirabile
+++ englisch:participles-relative-clauses [01.09.2025 (10:04)] (aktuell) – Externe Bearbeitung 127.0.0.1
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-====== Participle constructions instead of relative clauses ======
+====== Participle constructions instead of relative clauses  ======
-<WRAP box 80%>
 ===== What are participles and how can they be used? =====
-There are two different participle forms in English and they are used in various [verschieden] constructinos
+<WRAP box 80%>
+There are two different participle forms in English. Here’s how they are formed:
   - the **present participle**: it is formed by adding “-ing” to the end of the verb (e.g. talking, listening, writing)
   - the **past participle**: it is formed by adding “-ed” to the end of the verb, it is the “3rd verb form” of any verb (e.g. talked, listened, written)
+==== How are they used? ====
-Both participles are part of various other grammar constructions, e.g.
-  - the present participle
+Both participles are part of various [verschieden] other grammar constructions, e.g.
+  - the **present participle**
     - is part of the progressive form (I am **walking**)
     - can be used to make an (active) adjective from a verb (the **winning** team)
     - can be used as a gerund (**Walking** is good for you)
-  - the past participle
+  - the **past participle**
     - is part of the perfect verb forms – present perfect and past perfect (I have **walked**, I had **walked**)
     - can be used to make a (passive) adjective from a verb (the **defeated** team)
 </WRAP>
 On this page, you can learn another common [verbreitet] use of participles: They can be used to replace [ersetzen] relative clauses.
-<WRAP box 80%>
-In general [allgemein gesprochen], the **present participle** often has an **active** meaning and the **past participle** often has a **passive** meaning.
+===== Participles to replace relative clauses =====
+Speakers of English often use participle constructions instead of relative clauses. Compare the following constructions. Both of them have the same meaning.
+|<100% 5% 46% >|
+^#^relative clause construction^participle construction^
+^1|One morning I saw a man **who walked** along the river. |One morning I saw a man **walking** along the river. |
+^2|The person **who was walking** next to me looked really tired.|The pupil **walking** next to me looked really tired.|
+^3|We visited the city **which was mentioned** in our travel guide. |We visited the city **mentioned** in our travel guide. |
+<WRAP tip 80%>
+  * As you can see, the participle construction on the right replaces [ersetzen] the relative clause construction on the left. The meaning of both constructions is the same. Participle constructions are especially common in written English. They sound more formal [förmlich] than relative clauses.
+  * The **present participle** has an **active** meaning (walking) and the **past participle** has a **passive** meaning (mentioned).
+  * The **present participle** can replace a simple form or a progressive form (see examples 1 + 2).
+  * In German, you usually translate a participle construction with a relative clause because the German language doesn’t have such a construction.
 </WRAP>
+===== Practice =====
-===== Participles to replace relative clauses =====
+  * [[https://www.ego4u.de/de/cram-up/grammar/participles/exercises?06|Relativsatz durch Partizipialkonstruktion ersetzen]]
+{{tag>grammar englisch}}